Particulate emissions from laser ignited and spark ignited hydrogen fueled engines

Exponentially increasing energy demand and stricter emission legislations have motivated researchers to explore alternative fuels and advanced engine technologies, which are more efficient and environment friendly. In last two decades, hydrogen has emerged as promising alternative fuel for internal combustion (IC) engines and vehicles. For gaseous fuels, laser ignition (LI) has emerged as a novel ignition technique due to its superior characteristics, leading to improved combustion, engine performance and emission characteristics. Numerous advantages of LI system such as flexibility of plasma location, lower NO_x emissions and capability of igniting ultra-lean fuel–air mixture makes LI system superior compared to conventional spark ignition (SI) system. This study experimentally compares particulate emissions from hydrogen fueled engine ignited by LI and SI systems. Experiments were performed in a constant speed engine prototype, which was suitably modified to operate on gaseous fuels using both LI as well as SI systems. Particulate were characterized using engine exhaust particle sizer (EEPS) spectrometer. Results showed that LI engine resulted in relatively higher particulate number concentration as well as particulate mass compared to SI engine. In both ignition systems, particulate emissions increased with increasing engine load however rate of increase was relatively higher in LI system. Relatively larger count mean diameter (CMD) of particulate emitted from SI engine compared to LI engine was another important observation. This showed emission of relatively smaller particles in larger numbers from LI engine, compared to baseline SI engine.     

Effects of thermodynamically coupled reaction diffusion in microalgae growth and lipid accumulation: Model development and stability analysis

This study investigates and presents the effects of thermodynamically coupled nonisothermal reaction-diffusion processes on microalgae growth, substrate consumption and neutral lipid production in a pond or wastewater treatment plant. The non-stirred chemostat hypothesis and linear nonequilibrium thermodynamics theory are applied to formulate the model equations that account the bulk phase compositions and temperature, resistances to the heat and mass transfers, and cross effects due to the thermodynamic coupling of heat and mass flow in the presence of chemical reaction. Nondimensional forms of the model equations are numerically solved. Bulk phase concentrations and temperatures, external resistances to heat and substrate transfers, and thermodynamic coupling may generate substantial number of new parameters that control the evolution and stability in microalgal growth and lipid production that are important for biofuels. Instabilities due to perturbations in nutrient concentrations may lead to spatial structures where the wavenumber plays important role in reaction diffusion systems.     

西昆仑山前甫沙-克里阳地区新生代变形特征及油气控制作用

甫沙-克里阳地区位于西昆仑山弧形构造带的东段,是研究西昆仑山前冲断带变形特征的关键区域。在详细地面地质调查和钻井分析的基础上,利用最近完成的高分辨率地震资料,对甫沙-克里阳地区的新生代构造变形特征进行了研究。认为研究区自南向北由甫沙、柯克亚和固满-合什塔格3排构造带组成,其中甫沙构造带的结构特征在横向上有较大差异;3排构造带变形时间由南向北变新,冲断带表现为“前展式”的变形,同一排构造带的变形存在着由西向东迁移的特征;研究区新生代总缩短量为54.5km,缩短率为35.9%;新生代构造变形对研究区的油气聚集具有重要的控制作用,甫沙构造带的深层构造是下一步最有利的勘探领域。     

成藏期剩余压力与储层排替压力下限耦合恢复油气成藏过程——以济阳坳陷车西洼陷为例

通过对济阳坳陷车西洼陷主要油田储层孔喉半径与含油气性关系的研究,确定了现今储层排替压力下限,结合地层沉积速率和压实模型,得到了不同时期储层排替压力下限。基于成藏期剩余压力与储层排替压力下限的耦合关系恢复了研究区主要油田源下油气藏的形成过程。在古近系东营组沉积末期有少量油气充注,在馆陶组沉积中期生烃范围恢复到东营组剥蚀期前的水平并再次充注,主体油藏大规模聚集形成于明化镇组沉积早期,南部斜坡带的潜山油气藏成藏期最晚,为明化镇组沉积末期（距今2 Ma左右）。根据成藏期油气运聚动力与阻力的耦合关系,预测源下油气藏分布范围为明化镇组沉积末期沙三段底部剩余压力大于0.6 MPa的地区。     

鄂尔多斯麻黄山西区中生界过剩压力与油气关系

通过泥岩压实研究,结合油气分布,探讨鄂尔多斯盆地麻黄山西区中生界过剩压力与油气关系.研究表明,麻黄山西区中生界过剩压力平面上分布于东部稳定带和中央凹陷带,剖面上主要发育于长7段和延7段.油源断裂和较深的下切古河谷作为油气运移通道,起泄压汇源作用,使得延长组烃源岩生成的油气在延安组高效成藏;延安组区域过剩压力带增强了区域盖层的封盖能力,阻止油气向上运移或散失,使油气在其下圈闭中聚集成藏;小断层和裂缝系统对延<,7>段区域过剩压力带有一定的泄压作用,这也是目前东部稳定带延安组区域过剩压力带之上发现少量油气的原因.麻黄山西区中生界在东部稳定带发育与过剩压力有关的下组合、中组合,上组合3种油气分布模式;而中央凹陷带和西部断裂带发育与过剩压力有关的中组合油气分布模式.     

渤海南部黄河口凹陷晚期成藏特征及富集模式

黄河口凹陷是渤海海域的主要含油区之一,具有明显的晚期成藏特征.应用Easy R<,o>%模型模拟了烃源岩生烃演化史,结果表明主力烃源岩距今5.1 Ma以来快速成熟;通过断裂分析开展了油气输导体系研究,认为研究区油气运移以断裂输导为主;流体包裹体分析表明油气蘸主成藏期为距今5.1 Ma以来.研究结果表明,晚期快速生烃、晚期垂向断裂输导,近源成藏和晚期充注是黄河口凹陷油气晚期成藏的主要特征.沙河街组和明化镇组下段区域性储盖组合、优势运移通道和新构造作用形成的相关圈闭是控制油气富集的主要因素,古近系近源压控和新近系断控浅水三角洲富集模式是黄河口凹陷最重要的两种油气富集模式.     

阿克亚苏三叠系中油组沉积特征及成藏模式

塔河油田阿克亚苏地区三叠系中油组砂体分布面积广,沉积厚度大,孔隙度和渗透性好,有利于油气储集,为主力产油层。在地震剖面上识别出差异压实形成的沉积坡折,并结合钻井、岩心和测井等资料,认为在大量物源、坡折带和单河道等因素的控制下,中油组为3级层序内部的低位域湖底扇沉积。随着相对湖平面的下降,在沉积坡折带边缘形成补给水道,物源的不断供应使研究区发育大面积的富砂湖底扇沉积。在内扇的富砂辫状补给水道、中扇辫状沟道和新的上置扇中均见很好的油气显示,但只有侧向封堵性好、砂体厚度大、砂体连通性具有两极性的储集层才有可能成为油气的聚集场所。     

莺歌海高温超压盆地压力预测模式及成藏新认识

莺歌海盆地中深层特别是高温超压地层中,存在着众多的大型勘探目标,但因其所固有的错综复杂的地质特性,使天然气勘探面临的成藏理论、地层压力预测、钻井安全等问题在业界没有成功的经验可资借鉴,从而导致该盆地勘探进展缓慢。通过近几年对该盆地地层压力预测模式的研究,发现异常压力层段的波阻抗随深度增加而减小,局部有强烈的倒转现象发生,结合已钻井的测压、测试等数据,建立起了盆地不同构造位置的压力预测模型,并在该区压力预测实践中取得了良好效果;同时还在天然气成藏理论上取得了新的认识,DF13E井在中深层的新近系中新统上部黄流组一段获得优质高产气流,证明了中深层强超压领域（压力系数大于1.8）可以形成优质气藏,拓宽了该盆地天然气勘探领域。     

青西油田的裂缝特征

本文从岩心和测井资料出发,研究酒泉盆地青西油田裂缝的类型和微观特征,通过区域构造背景和断裂特征分析,研究裂缝分布规律及与构造的关系,进而应用地震属性分析,结合钻井和测井资料对裂缝进行预测,得出以下认识:①下白垩统下沟组块状砂砾岩和泥质白云岩为典型的特低孔、低渗储层,裂缝为最主要的油气储集空间和运移通道,各种类型构造裂缝均有发育,但高角度裂缝和斜交缝对油气富集最为有效;②断层控制了裂缝的发育方向,裂缝发育带展布方向和断裂发育带展布方向基本一致,主要为北北东向和北西西向;③构造转折部位和断层交会带为构造应力集中的部位,裂缝发育;④裂缝的发育程度控制了油气的富集程度,北北东向调节断层产生的裂缝带是油气富集带。结合裂缝预测结果,在青西油田部署的L104井获得64m3/d的高产工业油流。     

济阳坳陷凝析气藏形成条件及成藏模式

凝析气藏为近年来胜利油田油气勘探发现的新类型,表现为既不同于油藏又不同于气藏的一种特殊类型.济阳坳陷凝析气藏主要分布于盐湖相深层和古生界地层,凝析气藏埋藏深,具有地层温度和地层压力高、单井产能高的特点.高成熟演化是凝析气成藏的内在因素,高温高压是形成凝析气藏的外在因素,优质储层是凝析气藏富集高产的重要条件,优质盖层是维...